Transistors, Diodes, etc.
Contents
- 1 Transistors
- 2 Diodes
- 2.1 General
- 2.2 Use: Rectifier
- 2.3 Use: Detector
- 2.4 Use: Snubber
- 2.5 Use: Steering
- 2.6 Use: Expotential/Logeritmitc Converter
- 2.7 Use: Clipping, Bias Voltage ( Temperature Sensing )
- 2.8 Use: Over Voltage Protection
- 2.9 Use: Bridge
- 2.10 Use: Reverse Protection
- 2.11 Use: Isolation
- 2.12 Tunnel Variable Capicator Transdiode Light Emitting
- 2.13 Special Types
Transistors
Transistors are three termainal devices where one terminal controls the power through the other two.
Transistors Bipolar
Bipolar transistors are basically current controlled devices. The collector current is some multiple of the controlling base current. Ignoring the current gain a transistor acts like two diodes connected to a common terminal. This is useful in sorting out transistor leads with an ohmmeter. Two general classes of bipolar transistors are NPN and PNP.
Links:
Transistors FET MOSFET
Bipolar transistors are basically voltage controlled devices. The current is controlled by the voltage at the gate.
Transistors Transdiode
This is a connection of a transistor to use it as a diode.
Diodes
Diodes are two terminal devices that conduct very differently in one direction verses another. The basic use takes advantage of this property, but the are other characetistics that are also useful and special diodes that take advantage of these properties.
General
A diode lets current through in one direction but not another. It acts somewhat an infinite resistance in one direction, and a 0 resistance in the other direction. A more accurate description ( but not complet ) says that in the low resistance direction there must be a .6 v drop before much current flows.
Other Reading
Use: Rectifier
Changing alternating current to direct current. A standard in almost all plug in power supplies and most electronic circuits run on DC.
Use: Detector
As in an amplitude modulated radio ( AM ) where the radio signal is changed to an audio signal.
Use: Snubber
Some circuits, typically those with inductance like inductors, motors, relays and solenoids, generate a large back or reverse voltage when they turn off. Often a diode will be inserted to "short circuit" this voltage/current. This can prevent dammage to other circuit components.
Use: Steering
Sending a voltage/current in a particular direction in a circuit
Use: Expotential/Logeritmitc Converter
The current in the foward direction is an exponential function of the voltage. Together with an op amp this can be used to convert voltages to via an expoential or logeritmitc function. These in turn can be used for multiplication, division, powers and roots. See OpAmp Links
Use: Clipping, Bias Voltage ( Temperature Sensing )
In the forward direction a junction has about .6 volts when conducting ( as does the base emitter junction of a bipolar transistor ). This voltage is useful as a small well defined voltage for bias in a transistor circuit. Often 2 or more will be used in series for a higher voltage. If the input is a varing voltage the output is equal to the input and then begins to clip ( stop rising ) at about .6 volts. Feeding in a triangel wave at the right amplitude you get out a triangle wave with the points rounded off, an approximate sine wave. The bias voltage is somewhat temperature sensitive, you can used this in an electronic therometer circuit.
Use: Over Voltage Protection
Many circuits cannot tollerate voltage over a certain limit ( often the power supply voltage ). Connecting a diode from the circuit input to the power supply can "short out" the over voltage. Make sure the diode is connected in the proper direction.
Use: Bridge
This is an arrangement that is used for full wave rectification and some other circuits that are a bit tricky. Not explained here and now but google will help you out
Use: Reverse Protection
Many circuits destroy themselves when connected backwards to a voltage source. Connecting a diode in series with the circuit blocks the reverse voltage.
Use: Isolation
Tunnel Variable Capicator Transdiode Light Emitting
Special Types
LED, Shockley Junction, Tunnell, variable capacitance.....
Reverse Protection Diodes - PTH and SMD diodes to protect against reverse polarization.