Difference between revisions of "Oscillator"

From OpenCircuits
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(remove spam. Add comments about resonators)
Line 1: Line 1:
[http://telephone-booth.com/Electronic Products/electro/stjecv.html johnny knoxville] [http://eqia.com/bank/image/fkxexv.html free mp3 hip hop ringtone] [http://www.anime-extreme.net/images/avatar/smiles/clvoso.html ovarian cyst] [http://troop270.com/site/cache/tmp/wthafk.html jayco tent trailers] [http://telephone-booth.com/Electronic Products/electro/dweiih.html cancer horoscope] [http://travelersrest.org/admin/upload/image/odplcm.html free sex chat] [http://f-ccc-zion.com/ExtCalendar/include/image/rabvxk.html rowe furniture] [http://www.anime-extreme.net/images/avatar/smiles/chojjo.html grants for single parents] [http://marzeporgohar.org/folders/folder_23/image/cdgjmf.html crown molding] [http://naturalspascanada.com/lma/templates/image/vrfckc.html haitian recipes] [http://eqia.com/bank/image/ticdkr.html hot nurses] [http://sacapuntos.com/avatars-local/0/images/caqsrj.html motorola ring tone] [http://flyingaggies.org/gallery/albums/oops/photo/lvnbsn.html swimming pool pumps] [http://getstoked-openair.de/openair2007/cms/upload/Image/sponsoren/banners/dcqsio.html probenecid] [http://telephone-booth.com/Electronic Products/electro/libsig.html amortization table excel] [http://mayafoods.com/shop/catalog/temp/text/wdkmjq.html cheats pc] [http://fisheadcartoons.com/phpBB2_old/admin/mods/dhtml_menu_for_acp_mod_v1_0_0_a/backups/templates/saphir/admin/image/rqepor.html internet business] [http://schonborn.com/log/archives/0000000001/kkbfeb.html celluler] [http://cripo-ua.com/dump/backup/cache/jkkspl.html exchange rates] [http://dottaauction.com/photos/2006-359/image/mjeskr.html key bank cleveland ohio] [http://naturalspascanada.com/lma/templates/image/ejhlvd.html designer shoes for less] [http://rubber-plastics-manufacturers.com/cp/avatars/ugarru.html the simpson] [http://affectplus.com/sessions/cache/ugfndv.html alltel wireless customer service] [http://household-manufacturers.com/writing_board/image/bdpegd.html pearl river hilton] [http://troop270.com/site/cache/tmp/sngofr.html salt lamps] [http://www.schmittziesart.de/gbook2/fonts/image/obmiio.html waverly curtain] [http://glodev.com/silverton/keywest2007/pics/thumbs/IMG/hvxfhs.html romantic gift] [http://dreadneck.com/gallery3/upgrade/image/qfmpvm.html juicy couture] [http://www.schmittziesart.de/gbook2/fonts/image/cdqmgh.html sex world] [http://mqantiques.com/aboutchinese/contact/fbaukx.html sony fx1] [http://imdcsudan.org/old/gallery2/g2data/cache/image/ciltjt.html large size womens dress shoes] [http://f-ccc-zion.com/ExtCalendar/include/image/uvlqau.html cheep airline flights] [http://marzeporgohar.org/folders/folder_23/image/fpteme.html free paris hilton porno] [http://affectplus.com/sessions/cache/hnpqlp.html coumadin and food] [http://led-autolight.com/cache/Car_Air_Compressor/hnepjs.html jewelry beads] [http://fisheadcartoons.com/phpBB2_old/admin/mods/dhtml_menu_for_acp_mod_v1_0_0_a/backups/templates/saphir/admin/image/qxrhvd.html www bangbros] [http://imdcsudan.org/old/gallery2/g2data/cache/image/nhagsi.html passions] [http://dreadneck.com/gallery3/upgrade/image/qtenid.html free essay] [http://rubber-plastics-manufacturers.com/cp/avatars/lodhnc.html acrobat reader download free] [http://www.anime-extreme.net/images/avatar/smiles/glpmeu.html teen jobs] [http://socks-manufacturers.com/about/image/cwpsfv.html jennifer sofas] [http://dreadneck.com/gallery3/upgrade/image/jcaulj.html stationary bike] [http://cosmetic-packaging-manufacturers.com/cache/any/ndpnne.html anasazi indian] [http://eqia.com/bank/image/tsvtxr.html real estate in surfside beach south carolina] [http://fisheadcartoons.com/phpBB2_old/admin/mods/dhtml_menu_for_acp_mod_v1_0_0_a/backups/templates/saphir/admin/image/fcthee.html hormones] [http://mayafoods.com/shop/catalog/temp/text/hsvogv.html yasmin] [http://naturalspascanada.com/lma/templates/image/eerxql.html fender guitars] [http://bigskyregion.org/ExtCalendar/include/image/hddknp.html wholesale luxury bedding] [http://www.schmittziesart.de/gbook2/fonts/image/elbirq.html lesbian love] [http://cosmetic-packaging-manufacturers.com/cache/any/imxgik.html home equity] [http://dreadneck.com/gallery3/upgrade/image/bwgjuv.html honda accord] [http://household-manufacturers.com/writing_board/image/poexji.html bikinis models] [http://glodev.com/silverton/keywest2007/pics/thumbs/IMG/qrplcp.html live porn video] [http://cosmickaos.com/kaosguestbook/backups/cache/lmrfat.html swaroski crystal beads] [http://www.n373n.net/vb/customprofilepics/image/qxrakq.html orlando] [http://f-ccc-zion.com/ExtCalendar/include/image/jjkbku.html adult sex video] [http://mqantiques.com/aboutchinese/contact/dfokxi.html silver price quote] [http://telephone-booth.com/Electronic Products/electro/mddnsc.html wireless network] [http://snowclubs.com/nyssa/mojo/image/xqutsr.html ana anorexia] [http://dottaauction.com/photos/2006-359/image/svvsqh.html toyota truck parts] [http://glodev.com/silverton/keywest2007/pics/thumbs/IMG/qhimcf.html anabolic steroids] [http://www.anime-extreme.net/images/avatar/smiles/jtbxme.html clothing wholesale los angeles] [http://telephone-booth.com/Electronic Products/electro/pqwcmp.html sofas] [http://www.n373n.net/vb/customprofilepics/image/hksgtv.html express payday loan] [http://dottaauction.com/photos/2006-359/image/svesfw.html india porno] [http://f-ccc-zion.com/ExtCalendar/include/image/lbvcnv.html accident reconstruction software] [http://freewarecorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/cache/mvuifb.html picture of world map] [http://freewarecorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/cache/krdcdx.html interest rates] [http://troop270.com/site/cache/tmp/qxojeg.html ebay canada] [http://schonborn.com/log/archives/0000000001/trggvh.html lead poisoning] [http://www.anime-extreme.net/images/avatar/smiles/jljfso.html free music real ringtones sprint] [http://www.turgjengen.org/portal/modules/WeatherMagnet/cache/radar/image/rdmtpi.html married personal ad] [http://cripo-ua.com/dump/backup/cache/wgcpjq.html banks briana gallery] [http://mayafoods.com/shop/catalog/temp/text/wqjrrw.html denavir] [http://socks-manufacturers.com/about/image/holumw.html free legal forms] [http://dreadneck.com/gallery3/upgrade/image/rbqxdf.html flash memory] [http://mqantiques.com/aboutchinese/contact/xcobgf.html sperm] [http://dreadneck.com/gallery3/upgrade/image/pocbad.html air portugal] [http://telephone-booth.com/Electronic Products/electro/jpphvm.html corporate tax planning] [http://socks-manufacturers.com/about/image/sqpbup.html dress wear wedding] [http://freewarecorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/cache/lnwvxf.html allergic reaction to clindamycin] [http://www.turgjengen.org/portal/modules/WeatherMagnet/cache/radar/image/iaixmx.html airsoft gun wholesale] [http://mayafoods.com/shop/catalog/temp/text/utmqkv.html government of canada] [http://telephone-booth.com/Electronic Products/electro/uvaqks.html police gear] [http://arrastaocountry.com.br/phpchat/chat/localization/danish/image/hmewdt.html chicago museums] [http://cripo-ua.com/dump/backup/cache/qorbwp.html adult video store] [http://testmeter.co.uk/sitemap/data/image/epgbmv.html samsung phones] [http://cripo-ua.com/dump/backup/cache/vjlvej.html ultracet] [http://snowclubs.com/nyssa/mojo/image/asbreq.html history coca cola] [http://mayafoods.com/shop/catalog/temp/text/osphti.html paul wall grills] [http://rubber-plastics-manufacturers.com/cp/avatars/gjanfn.html on line casino] [http://travelersrest.org/admin/upload/image/oiglnv.html benicar side effects] [http://www.anime-extreme.net/images/avatar/smiles/wtspwp.html testosterone enanthate] [http://snowclubs.com/nyssa/mojo/image/tjickl.html lisinopril and side effect] [http://led-autolight.com/cache/Car_Air_Compressor/mljaha.html time tracking software] [http://www.schmittziesart.de/gbook2/fonts/image/vxjdwa.html free male porn] [http://www.mavis-crafts.com/highcross-old/components/image/nenufg.html paper] [http://eqia.com/bank/image/nlkehw.html pay here buy here car lots] [http://cosmetic-packaging-manufacturers.com/cache/any/fiimhv.html high speed internet provider] [http://socks-manufacturers.com/about/image/vwqjir.html cirque du soleil] [http://freewarecorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/cache/jofftf.html calgary flames] [http://f-ccc-zion.com/ExtCalendar/include/image/ntqhis.html auto insurance quotes] [http://sxabearing-manufacturers.com/Ball_Bearings_3/image/cjtusv.html men muscle] [http://household-manufacturers.com/writing_board/image/fwoisf.html movies sex] [http://f-ccc-zion.com/ExtCalendar/include/image/grjjoj.html chevy truck accessory] [http://led-autolight.com/cache/Car_Air_Compressor/ktmcwf.html glucosamine] [http://snowclubs.com/nyssa/mojo/image/lgohiv.html horse racing] [http://sxabearing-manufacturers.com/Ball_Bearings_3/image/fgqsjw.html sportsmans guide catalog] [http://troop270.com/site/cache/tmp/xlqahx.html franklin talking dictionary] [http://schonborn.com/log/archives/0000000001/xkhtbo.html avast free anti virus software] [http://f-ccc-zion.com/ExtCalendar/include/image/tqximt.html www boys firsttime com] [http://cripo-ua.com/dump/backup/cache/ipipsc.html truck toppers] [http://freewarecorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/cache/rlpdfh.html mn job bank] [http://sacapuntos.com/avatars-local/0/images/hhfrxm.html seniorsex] [http://freewarecorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/cache/npwasw.html adhd test] [http://telephone-booth.com/Electronic Products/electro/ooqdhs.html klonopin] [http://getstoked-openair.de/openair2007/cms/upload/Image/sponsoren/banners/uqvciu.html flower tattoo design] [http://fisheadcartoons.com/phpBB2_old/admin/mods/dhtml_menu_for_acp_mod_v1_0_0_a/backups/templates/saphir/admin/image/gdxqlh.html corner shelving unit] [http://bigskyregion.org/ExtCalendar/include/image/livssj.html wrestling action figure] [http://telephone-booth.com/Electronic Products/electro/mbucov.html silver coins] [http://www.anime-extreme.net/images/avatar/smiles/ppnmgb.html osullivan office furniture] [http://snowclubs.com/nyssa/mojo/image/btublj.html vera bradley purse] [http://www.mavis-crafts.com/highcross-old/components/image/obihhd.html navidad] [http://www.ro-man.com/tradeshop/images/infobox/banners/rgltof.html ebony pictures] [http://affectplus.com/sessions/cache/nuowgv.html long video] [http://eqia.com/bank/image/ppwuts.html cell com phone verizon wireless] [http://dreadneck.com/gallery3/upgrade/image/jkaqwq.html tmobile wireless service] [http://led-autolight.com/cache/Car_Air_Compressor/kghspj.html great lakes airlines] [http://f-ccc-zion.com/ExtCalendar/include/image/gvnkej.html scanner driver] [http://rubber-plastics-manufacturers.com/cp/avatars/bvaraf.html cherokee uniforms] [http://troop270.com/site/cache/tmp/biqavc.html kohler parts] [http://eqia.com/bank/image/lklnwu.html free porno mpegs] [http://sxabearing-manufacturers.com/Ball_Bearings_3/image/tjrolj.html opiate detox] [http://marzeporgohar.org/folders/folder_23/image/jpffqk.html rolex submariner watch] [http://cosmetic-packaging-manufacturers.com/cache/any/ebivua.html mmm 100] [http://marzeporgohar.org/folders/folder_23/image/jafvmn.html replica tag heuer] [http://troop270.com/site/cache/tmp/jhspnv.html jamster ringtone] [http://www.turgjengen.org/portal/modules/WeatherMagnet/cache/radar/image/hkcxrv.html funny joke] [http://snowclubs.com/nyssa/mojo/image/sarodk.html vane weather] [http://www.turgjengen.org/portal/modules/WeatherMagnet/cache/radar/image/abgrkq.html sauna infrared] [http://www.n373n.net/vb/customprofilepics/image/acullk.html methotrexate] [http://travelersrest.org/admin/upload/image/gfbovj.html demi moore] [http://www.anime-extreme.net/images/avatar/smiles/opxwul.html fotos de anais martinez desnuda] [http://cosmetic-packaging-manufacturers.com/cache/any/tvukle.html adult com finder friend] [http://affectplus.com/sessions/cache/jmxjhk.html hugo boss] [http://testmeter.co.uk/sitemap/data/image/lptpqw.html unlock motorola phone] [http://www.anime-extreme.net/images/avatar/smiles/mcsooh.html shemale porn] [http://schonborn.com/log/archives/0000000001/ujpjbk.html auto loan] [http://led-autolight.com/cache/Car_Air_Compressor/qnuvxg.html suzuki] [http://www.schmittziesart.de/gbook2/fonts/image/vkuipu.html espresso machine rating] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/qgvaek.html la weightloss] [http://www.bassboatmagazine.com/linkmachine/templates/lm_images/thumb/wpopkr.html freegamedownloads] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/iqeovh.html erotic art] [http://www.bassboatmagazine.com/linkmachine/templates/lm_images/thumb/ocjjxa.html ako web mail] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/bjljsc.html usa] [http://marylandcomputerguy.net/nails/image/bmrxkd.html window treatment] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/hqxdww.html ohio counties] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/odtrla.html winrar free download] [http://bostoncentury.com/old/coppermine/albums/userpics/10001/thumb/rjmcbm.html free winrar downloads] [http://staticchain.com/banner/123x110/ivkglh.html xxx videos] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/cjjcvt.html milf sex] [http://interserverhost.com/gallery/albums/userpics/avatars/phtbfp.html opel] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/ouueaa.html used motorhomes] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/ajcjep.html cheerleading stunt picture] [http://www.hardenassociates.com/shands-santa/albums/image/feuxxa.html trucks] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/gwfxfr.html rocket dog shoes] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/nbcwdv.html shower valve] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/psxuea.html completely free online dating] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/okackx.html online cialis] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/oejobu.html home medical coding jobs] [http://marylandcomputerguy.net/nails/image/kslhhv.html motorola razor phone] [http://interserverhost.com/gallery/albums/userpics/avatars/ahrqis.html naked beautiful woman] [http://maslov.com/new_releases/cache/gbkotm.html celeb naked] [http://www.jericogt.com/design/schema/images/news/thumb/1/igmbjh.html biggest loser] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/hlaohk.html bathroom vanities online] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/mhhrap.html gujarat] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/bwvgxp.html cake recipes] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/rnfgpp.html arizona newspapers] [http://marylandcomputerguy.net/nails/image/hebdjh.html bare naked] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/aqdfqk.html travel chanel] [http://bostoncentury.com/old/coppermine/albums/userpics/10001/thumb/rjoeks.html perfume versace] [http://jaxrotaract.org/galainfo/images/avatars/pics/mihjse.html razr v3] [http://bostoncentury.com/old/coppermine/albums/userpics/10001/thumb/fbseqk.html medical supplies] [http://bostoncentury.com/old/coppermine/albums/userpics/10001/thumb/bbswmb.html download winmx] [http://jaxrotaract.org/galainfo/images/avatars/pics/vlluko.html blood tests] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/npaoeg.html adult video store] [http://staticchain.com/banner/123x110/aktwfw.html granny porno] [http://www.bassboatmagazine.com/linkmachine/templates/lm_images/thumb/klcvmg.html sexgames] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/sambsb.html bible code] [http://interserverhost.com/gallery/albums/userpics/avatars/oxjdgt.html married dating sites] [http://interserverhost.com/gallery/albums/userpics/avatars/mhadtk.html jet blue airway] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/fnqrcc.html ringtones nokia] [http://npgsupport.com/chat/chat/localization/icelandic/cache/rnvomw.html iron maiden poster] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/bnnvwm.html adult scoliosis surgery] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/athsxx.html free pics] [http://marylandcomputerguy.net/nails/image/atkdxr.html karma sutra] [http://www.bassboatmagazine.com/linkmachine/templates/lm_images/thumb/xduqtm.html cheap carinsurance] [http://bostoncentury.com/old/coppermine/albums/userpics/10001/thumb/altpqx.html alprazolam xanax] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/plvcev.html bears] [http://deadmansjacket.co.uk/gallery_images/thumbs/exvwne.html mens swimwear] [http://www.bidondates.com/pics/albums/102806/CIMG1414/xswonw.html sex parties] [http://interserverhost.com/gallery/albums/userpics/avatars/mhoekw.html bionicles] [http://marylandcomputerguy.net/nails/image/qcedoa.html uk maps] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/owfanc.html early pregnancy] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/mamsfk.html kidney cleanse] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/gpqkvt.html kirklands home decor] [http://aoreport.com/mag/images/stories/News05-06/5-22-06/image/vltihs.html amityville horror house] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/bbalgp.html heated mattress pad] [http://npgsupport.com/chat/chat/localization/icelandic/cache/eotjid.html oxycontin pills for] [http://maslov.com/new_releases/cache/sdnhes.html love match calculator] [http://npgsupport.com/chat/chat/localization/icelandic/cache/ooagca.html furniture cheap] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/bgawox.html notre dame ring tones] [http://woodcrafts-online.com/shop/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/thmbs/jrohjs.html paris hilton xxx] [http://www.swiic.com/swi/images/banners/128x250/migvic.html liberty high school] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/vpkwhl.html diflucan] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/avxwlu.html mydvd download] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/mkdvoq.html costco wholesale] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/vnhhdu.html marriage certificates] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/qwoonr.html symptoms of low testosterone] [http://www.bidondates.com/pics/albums/102806/CIMG1414/kefvwi.html saturns] [http://www.swiic.com/swi/images/banners/128x250/hjhmec.html wenger swiss army watch] [http://www.hardenassociates.com/shands-santa/albums/image/vtmtpn.html sex position] [http://www.bidondates.com/pics/albums/102806/CIMG1414/vwxmbf.html honda motorcycle accessories] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/opwjnl.html download songs] [http://bostoncentury.com/old/coppermine/albums/userpics/10001/thumb/gisxdm.html teens in panties] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/jmtlef.html chamomile] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/vuqrpv.html whey] [http://npgsupport.com/chat/chat/localization/icelandic/cache/aftjug.html ecards] [http://reverejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/images/kmvhsw.html satellite broadband] [http://www.swiic.com/swi/images/banners/128x250/cxqfpf.html amateur photos sex] [http://www.swiic.com/swi/images/banners/128x250/mbeusr.html friendship cards] [http://www.hardenassociates.com/shands-santa/albums/image/blwbmm.html kim possible] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/swwcnq.html hunter milf] [http://woodcrafts-online.com/shop/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/thmbs/gehstr.html upload music to myspace] [http://npgsupport.com/chat/chat/localization/icelandic/cache/qjgcpi.html low thyroid] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/hqxahb.html find a person by phone number] [http://bostoncentury.com/old/coppermine/albums/userpics/10001/thumb/glbngw.html geneva watches] [http://borrington.org/videos/move/bhqjkh.html balloon decorations] [http://reportchildporn.com/rcp/themes/phpkaox/cache/uxtqbt.html celexa] [http://www.swiic.com/swi/images/banners/128x250/vrfowh.html dehumidifier] [http://borrington.org/videos/move/lsxewm.html casino gambling] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/jkpvlp.html obesity statistics] [http://www.swiic.com/swi/images/banners/128x250/iomvss.html nick hotel] [http://www.bassboatmagazine.com/linkmachine/templates/lm_images/thumb/nkoltu.html milf porn] [http://marylandcomputerguy.net/nails/image/nhhpni.html xxx rated greeting cards] [http://www.bassboatmagazine.com/linkmachine/templates/lm_images/thumb/exvgmf.html paint roller cleaner] [http://www.boatnbabes.com/babes/modules/xcgal/albums/userpics/10001/thumbs/elasnx.html voip service] [http://www.jericogt.com/design/schema/images/news/thumb/1/sfbskb.html free articles education] [http://www.jericogt.com/design/schema/images/news/thumb/1/keqlmq.html tissot gold] [http://bostoncentury.com/old/coppermine/albums/userpics/10001/thumb/nsgppl.html chemise] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/uigeqt.html download win rar free] [http://www.jericogt.com/design/schema/images/news/thumb/1/eurbct.html stun gun] [http://staticchain.com/banner/123x110/irjsad.html novelty phone] [http://woodcrafts-online.com/shop/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/thmbs/mpuera.html discount flights] [http://woodcrafts-online.com/shop/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/thmbs/kgdodl.html apply for a credit card] [http://www.partnerwithsap.com/de/images/banners/wrwrmp.html us passport office] [http://aoreport.com/mag/images/stories/News05-06/5-22-06/image/ueismr.html erectile dysfunction] [http://maslov.com/new_releases/cache/wwcthv.html car used] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/nainpg.html free teen chat] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/vhdlku.html neulasta] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/dtspoa.html toonporn] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/kxdlsc.html hairy woman] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/kpugtk.html celcom caller ringtone] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/btrjdw.html smoking] [http://woodcrafts-online.com/shop/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/thmbs/nlfqlm.html seiko watch repair] [http://jaxrotaract.org/galainfo/images/avatars/pics/eepnnm.html breitling 1884] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/prqpln.html trac phone] [http://borrington.org/videos/move/fwfgqv.html gas credit cards] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/vfdxok.html holter monitor] [http://www.partnerwithsap.com/de/images/banners/aipxng.html cartoon sex movies] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/eaofaa.html suzuki lift kit] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/iampeu.html tag heuer watch] [http://staticchain.com/banner/123x110/dolacx.html gmc truck parts] [http://www.swiic.com/swi/images/banners/128x250/nlutdt.html offender search] [http://www.boatnbabes.com/babes/modules/xcgal/albums/userpics/10001/thumbs/xoudjj.html fta receivers] [http://interserverhost.com/gallery/albums/userpics/avatars/ponwku.html green card lottery] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/jprqqr.html livermore california real estate] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/mbkpmr.html pregnancy calculator] [http://www.swiic.com/swi/images/banners/128x250/arcqha.html the rolling stones] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/wjqcju.html lincoln aviator rims] [http://www.partnerwithsap.com/de/images/banners/rstrrg.html oxytetracycline] [http://woodcrafts-online.com/shop/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/thmbs/ufepop.html novolog] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/cihndv.html luxury bedding] [http://sbcoachescollege.com/bulletin/images/avatars/new/rlmhkr.html tatoo designs] [http://bostoncentury.com/old/coppermine/albums/userpics/10001/thumb/abuifv.html t mobile text messaging] [http://www.athomewithmark.com/images/properties/thumb/wofjup.html home decorating] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/gcplbh.html black pussy spread] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/wkccau.html antique bicycle] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/drkejr.html female bondage] [http://marylandcomputerguy.net/nails/image/vbcnew.html toyota engines] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/pnqfax.html inderal] [http://www.bidondates.com/pics/albums/102806/CIMG1414/vqidrl.html serving cart] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/ctigwc.html painting technique for brick] [http://reverejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/images/rjqbhi.html diovan hct] [http://jaxrotaract.org/galainfo/images/avatars/pics/gejffa.html kawasaki eliminator] [http://aoreport.com/mag/images/stories/News05-06/5-22-06/image/ucopae.html desktop themes] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/afrupr.html letter designs] [http://www.athomewithmark.com/images/properties/thumb/pklbjs.html air fares] [http://aoreport.com/mag/images/stories/News05-06/5-22-06/image/jmjeil.html medieval costumes] [http://www.boatnbabes.com/babes/modules/xcgal/albums/userpics/10001/thumbs/xwaxrl.html what is naproxen] The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.
 
  
Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a quartz crystal, sealed in a metal can.
+
The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a quartz crystal, sealed in a metal can.(Some very-low-cost devices might use a "ceramic resonator" (made of high-stability piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate)or a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency. ).
(Some very-low-cost devices might use a "ceramic resonator" (made of high-stability piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate)or a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency).
 
  
 
The entire circuit that generates the frequency is called an "oscillator", includes the resonant part (crystal, resonator, or RC), some capacitors, and a silicon chip and therefore is called a hybrid device.
 
The entire circuit that generates the frequency is called an "oscillator", includes the resonant part (crystal, resonator, or RC), some capacitors, and a silicon chip and therefore is called a hybrid device.
Line 18: Line 16:
 
that are designed to be directly connected to the 2 pins of a crystal.
 
that are designed to be directly connected to the 2 pins of a crystal.
 
(Capacitors from those pins to VCC and GND are also part of the recommended circuit).
 
(Capacitors from those pins to VCC and GND are also part of the recommended circuit).
An inverter inside the microcontroller acts as the amplifier, and the crystal and capacitors make up the rest of the oscillator.
+
An inverter inside the microcontroller acts as the amplifier, and the crystal and capacitors make up the rest of the oscillator. Microcontrollers when connected directly to a crystal need to have capacitors attached that need to be percisely matched with other circuit components on the board.  Resonators tend to have the capacitor buildin reducing the amount of trial and error of capacitor selection.
  
 
In systems with multiple CPUs, it is often simpler, cheaper, and more reliable (avoiding metastability problems) to use a single crystal (rather than a dedicated crystal for each CPU).
 
In systems with multiple CPUs, it is often simpler, cheaper, and more reliable (avoiding metastability problems) to use a single crystal (rather than a dedicated crystal for each CPU).

Revision as of 00:39, 12 December 2007

The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a quartz crystal, sealed in a metal can.(Some very-low-cost devices might use a "ceramic resonator" (made of high-stability piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate)or a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency. ).

The entire circuit that generates the frequency is called an "oscillator", includes the resonant part (crystal, resonator, or RC), some capacitors, and a silicon chip and therefore is called a hybrid device. (An oscillator that uses a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency is called a "RC oscillator". An oscillator that uses a crystal to fix the frequency is called a "crystal oscillator".)

The oscillator includes, in addition to the frequency-fixing component just mentioned, an amplifier and capacitors.

Oscillators usually come in a metal can, but Epson also encapsulates them in plastic. Typically an oscillator can has 4 pins. Inside the can is all the components of the oscillator. One applies DC power on 2 of the pins, and the oscillating signal (the "CLK OUT") appears on another pin. (The remaining pin is unused).

An oscillator can also be made from scratch using crystal in a (2-pin) metal can, a couple of capacitors, an resitor and an inverter. In either case, the frequency is printed on the top of the crystal or oscillator.

Many microcontrollers have 2 pins (typically labeled "XTAL1" and "XTAL2", or "OSC1" and "OSC2", or something similar) that are designed to be directly connected to the 2 pins of a crystal. (Capacitors from those pins to VCC and GND are also part of the recommended circuit). An inverter inside the microcontroller acts as the amplifier, and the crystal and capacitors make up the rest of the oscillator. Microcontrollers when connected directly to a crystal need to have capacitors attached that need to be percisely matched with other circuit components on the board. Resonators tend to have the capacitor buildin reducing the amount of trial and error of capacitor selection.

In systems with multiple CPUs, it is often simpler, cheaper, and more reliable (avoiding metastability problems) to use a single crystal (rather than a dedicated crystal for each CPU). CPUs (and many other components) often have a single "CLK" pin designed to be connected to the wire used to send that "clock signal" (a fixed frequency) everywhere.

Unfortunately, many people confuse the "clock signal" generated by an oscillator (a simple metronome beat, tone, at constant frequency) with far more complicated "clock system"s that keep track of seconds, minutes, hours, and sometimes days, weeks, months, and years.

for further reading